01 | State of Matter

1. M/J 24/P22/Q7/a, b, c

Oxygen is a gas at room temperature. 

Sulfur is a solid at room temperature.

(a) A sample of oxygen has a volume of 540 cm3 at room temperature and pressure. The temperature of the sample is increased but the pressure is unchanged. Describe and explain, in terms of kinetic particle theory, what happens to the volume of the sample. [2]

(b) Sulfur is a gas above 445 °C.

Describe the changes in particle separation, arrangement and motion when a sample of sulfur gas is cooled down to room temperature.

• separation .....

• arrangement .....

• motion ..... [3]

(c) Describe diffusion in terms of kinetic particle theory. [1]

2. M/J 24/P21/Q7/a,b,c

Chlorine is a gas at room temperature.

lodine is a solid at room temperature.

(a) A sample of chlorine has a volume of 240 cm3 at room temperature and pressure.

The pressure of the sample is increased at room temperature.

Describe and explain, in terms of kinetic particle theory, what happens to the volume of the sample. [2]

(b) When heated at atmospheric pressure, iodine changes directly into a gas without becoming a liquid.

Describe the changes in particle separation, arrangement and motion during this change. 

• separation ...

• arrangement ... 

• motion ... [3]

(c) At the same temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion of chlorine gas is greater than that

of iodine gas.

Explain why.