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Terminology
Old Flood Plains:
Geologically ancient floodplains are often represented in the landscape by fluvial terraces. These are old floodplains that remain relatively high above the present floodplain and indicate former courses of a stream.
Flood Plain
A floodplain is a generally flat area of land next to a river or stream
Active Flood Plains
Active floodplain is defined as an area on either side of a stream/river which is regularly flooded on a periodic basis.
Alluvial Terraces
A relatively level plain or step that is formed by the deposition of alluvial sediments in floodplains when water velocities are reduced as the river subsides from a high flow event.
Piedmont Plains
A Piedmont plain is a plain situated at the foot of mountains or hills.
Piedmont Plains are present at the foothills of Kirthar and Sulaiman Mountain ranges. Part of the Indus plain that extends into Balochistan is known as the Kachi Sibi Plain. Both these plains have rolling sand dunes (Thal and Thar deserts), flat plain areas, have some low lying hills, oxbow lakes and meanders etc.
Tidal Delta
Flood tidal currents deposit sand landward of the inlet forming a flood-tidal delta
Rolling Sand Plains
Rolling sand plains are usually found in desert areas because sand dunes are a feature of deserts. • In deserts, the wind blows and changes landscape frequently which results in sand dunes.
Indus River Plain
The Indus River plain is a vast expanse of fertile land with a gentle slope from Himalayan Piedmont in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.
Meanders and Oxbow lake.
Meanders
A meander is formed when water flows in a curvy, bendy path, like a snake.
Oxbow lakes
An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake or pool that forms when a wide meander of a river is cut off, creating a free-standing body of water.
Leeves
A levee is a natural or artificial wall that blocks water from going where we don't want it to go. an embankment designed to prevent the flooding of a river.
Braided Chanels
A braided river (also called braided channel or braided stream) consists of a network of river channels separated by small, often temporary, islands called braid bars.
A Dry River Channel
Indus River Delta
Natual Topography of Pakistan
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